Updated 2012-11-21 22:20:38 by dkf

KPV - Why are manhole covers round? One answer is that they are the simplest shape which won't fall in on themselves.

 Trivia

(Bryan Oakley prefers the answer "because manholes are round".)

AMG: David Farley offers another answer: http://www.ibiblio.org/Dave/Dr-Fun/collections/1991/images/df1991-102.gif

Larry Smith For extra credit: why are manhole covers in Nashua NH triangular? (correct answer: they were designed by the same guy who designed the triangular ones in New York City. What? You haven't noticed any triangular manhole covers in NYC? No surprise, they've all been replaced. And they are slowly being replaced in Nashua, too - but there are still a handful left, for those folks willing to cruise the streets of Nashua to see such historical plumbing trivia. The answer is: the tips are supported at three points and so the covers will not rock when cars drive over them.)

Boy, I really like that all the trivia is at the top of this page, instead of at the bottom where it might get overlooked. Anyway, manhole covers are (usually) round because:

  • They are damn heavy, and round ones don't need to be finessed as much to make them drop into their seat. As a matter of fact, an experienced operator can often get the thing to seat itself by application of a bit of english on the drop. This makes the manhole cover designer of Nashua seem particularly diabolical. Also consider that with a triangular cover you run the oh-so-real risk of having a shifted manhole cover fall into the hole far enough to take your head off if you are in the position of having to shift one from the nether side.
  • A round manhole and cover can sustain more damage and still serve effectively.
  • They are damn heavy and round ones can be rolled if you are crazy enough to roll one.
  • If you set your feet down, and hump a round manhole cover away from you, it will never land on your toes.

If you can't guess who wrote this I'm not doing my job ;^)

I will keep my round manhole cover, thank you!

But what about other "non-simplest" shapes that meet this criteria? This program draws one family of those non-simplest shapes.

To visualize what the family of shapes looks like, take an odd-side polygon, place on point of a compass on a vertex, the other on an opposite vertex, and draw the arc to the other opposite vertex. Repeat for all vertices.

 Trivia


People in the UK will quite possibly have the heptagonal version of this family of shapes in their pocket (it is the shape of the 20p and 50p coins.) - DKF

Likewise, the Susan B Anthony dollar coin in the US is the endecagonal version. - KBK


#! /bin/env tclsh

##+##########################################################################
#
# Manhole.tcl
# 
# Draws N-sided manhole covers
# by Keith Vetter
#
# Revisions:
# KPV Mar 22, 1996 - initial revision
# KPV Sep 22, 2002 - cleaned up for 8+
#

package require Tk

proc Init {} {
    global sz

    set sz(n) 3                                 ;# Number of sides
    set sz(s) 400                               ;# Size of canvas
    set sz(cx) [expr {$sz(s) / 2}]              ;# Canvas center point
    set sz(cy) $sz(cx)
    set sz(r) [expr {$sz(cx) * 3 / 4}]          ;# Radius
    set sz(rot) 0                               ;# How much to rotate by
    set sz(anim) 0                              ;# No animation yet
    set sz(after) ""                            ;# No after yet
    set sz(a) 0                                 ;# Interior angle to fill in
    set sz(colored) 1                           ;# Colored or solid

    set colors "cyan green magenta blue deepskyblue hotpink aquamarine "
    append colors $colors
    for {set i 0} {$i < 13} {incr i} {
        set sz($i) [lindex $colors $i]
    }

    canvas .c -width $sz(s) -height $sz(s) -bd 2 -relief raised
    .c config -bg black
    .c create oval [expr {$sz(cx)-$sz(r)}] [expr {$sz(cy)-$sz(r)}] \
        [expr {$sz(cx)+$sz(r)}] [expr {$sz(cy)+$sz(r)}] -tag circle \
        -fill [lindex [.c config -bg] 3]
    
    button .anim -text Animate -command {Animate 1}
    label .l -text "Sides: $sz(n)"
    scale .s -orient h -showvalue 0 -from 0 -to 5 -command MyScale

    pack .c -side top
    pack .anim -side right -expand 1
    pack .s .l -side bottom -expand 1
    wm resizable . 0 0
}
##+##########################################################################
# 
# ngon
# 
# Compute the vertices for a n-gon
# 
proc ngon {n angle} {
    global v sz

    catch {unset v}
    set delta [expr {2*3.14159 / $n}]           ;# Angle of vertices on circle
    set sz(delta) [expr {360.0 / $n}]
    set sz(a) [expr {180.0 / $n}]               ;# Interior angle to fill in

    set angle [expr {$angle * 3.14159 / 180}]
    for {set i 0} {$i < $n} {incr i} {
        set a [expr {$angle + ($i*$delta)}]     ;# Angle in radians
        set v($i,x) [expr {$sz(cx) + $sz(r) * cos($a)}]
        set v($i,y) [expr {$sz(cy) + $sz(r) * sin($a)}]
        set i2 [expr {$i + $n}]
        set v($i2,x) $v($i,x)
        set v($i2,y) $v($i,y)
        
        lappend vertices $v($i,x) $v($i,y)
    }

    set n2 [expr {$n/2}]                        ;# Opposite angle
    set x [expr {$v(0,x) - $v($n2,x)}]
    set y [expr {$v(0,y) - $v($n2,y)}]
    set sz(d) [expr {sqrt($x*$x + $y*$y)}]      ;# Length of opposite side


    for {set i 0} {$i < $n} {incr i} {
        set v($i,bb) [list [expr {$v($i,x)-$sz(d)}] [expr {$v($i,y)+$sz(d)}] \
                          [expr {$v($i,x)+$sz(d)}] [expr {$v($i,y)-$sz(d)}]]
        
        set i2 [expr {$i + 1}]
        set n2 [expr {($i + ($sz(n) / 2) + 1) % $sz(n)}]
        set xy [list $sz(cx) $sz(cy) $v($i,x) $v($i,y) $v($i2,x) $v($i2,y)]
        .c create poly $xy -fill $sz($n2) -outline $sz($n2) \
            -tag {poly poly_$i}
    }
    
    return $vertices
}
##+##########################################################################
# 
# DrawPie
# 
# Draws a single pie slice for vertex which.
# 
proc DrawPie {which} {
    global v sz

    if {$which == 0} {
        set n2 [expr {$which + ($sz(n) / 2) + 1}] ;# Opposite angle
        set x [expr {$v($n2,x) - $v($which,x)}]
        set y [expr {-($v($n2,y) - $v($which,y))}]
        set a [expr {atan2( $y, $x) * 180 / 3.14159}]
        set sz(atan) $a
    } else {
        set a [set sz(atan) [expr {$sz(atan) - $sz(delta)}]]
    }
    
    eval .c create arc $v($which,bb) -start $a -extent $sz(a) -style chord \
        -fill $sz($which) -outline $sz($which) -tag {{pie pie_$which}}
}
##+##########################################################################
# 
# DrawIt
# 
# Draws the n-side manhole cover w/ sz(n) sides at angle sz(rot).
# 
proc DrawIt {} {
    global sz

    .c delete pie poly
    ngon $sz(n) $sz(rot)                        ;# Get vertices for this angle
    for {set i 0} {$i < $sz(n)} {incr i} {      ;# Draw the pie slices
        DrawPie $i
    }
    update
}
##+##########################################################################
# 
# Animate
# 
# Draw the figure rotated by a small amount, then if animation is on,
# it schedules itself to be run again in the near future.
# 
proc Animate {toggle} {
    global sz

    if {$toggle} {                              ;# On/off toggle
        set sz(anim) [expr {1 - $sz(anim)}]     ;# Toggle to flag
        if {$sz(anim)} {set relief sunken} {set relief raised}
        .anim config -relief $relief
    }

    if $sz(anim) {                              ;# Are we animating???
        incr sz(rot) 3                          ;# Rotate a bit
        DrawIt                                  ;# Redraw it

        after 1 {Animate 0}                    ;# Rerun in the future
    }
}
##+##########################################################################
# 
# MyScale
# 
# Command called when scale gets a new value
# 
proc MyScale {v} {
    set ::sz(n) [expr {$v*2+3}]
    .l config -text "Sides: $::sz(n)"
    DrawIt
}
Init
DrawIt